Gender, Land, and Trade

*Philip J. Havik is senior researcher at the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT) of the Universidade Nova in Lisbon where he also teaches the History of Medicine. His multidisciplinary research centers upon the study of public health and tropical medicine, state formation & governance, cultural brokerage and female entrepreneurship in West Africa, with special emphasis on Guinea Bissau. His publications include “Female Entrepreneurship in West Africa: Trends and trajectories,” Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 10:1 (2015), 164–177; and Silences and Soundbytes: The Gendered dynamics of Trade and brokerage in the pre-colonial Guinea Bissau region (Munster: Lit Verlag, 2004)